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Operations research
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Operations
research, operational research, or simply OR, is the use of
mathematical models, statistics and algorithms to aid in
decision-making. It is most often used to analyze complex real-world
systems, typically with the goal of improving or optimizing performance.
It is one form of applied mathematics.
Contents
• 1 Operations research in context
• 2 Areas of application
• 3 Professional societies
• 4 Origins and the name
• 5 Examples
• 6 See also
• 7 External links
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Operations research in context
The
terms operations research and management science are often used
synonymously. When a distinction is drawn, management science generally
implies a closer relationship to the problems of business management.
Operations
research also closely relates to industrial engineering. Industrial
engineering takes more of an engineering point of view, and industrial
engineers typically consider OR techniques to be a major part of their
toolset.
Some
of the primary tools used by operations researchers are statistics,
optimization, stochastics, queueing theory, game theory, graph theory,
and simulation. Because of the computational nature of these fields OR
also has ties to computer science, and operations researchers regularly
use custom-written or off-the-shelf software.
Operations
research is distinguished by its ability to look at and improve an
entire system, rather than concentrating only on specific elements
(though this is often done as well). An operations researcher faced with
a new problem is expected to determine which techniques are most
appropriate given the nature of the system, the goals for improvement,
and constraints on time and computing power. For this and other reasons,
the human element of OR is vital. Like any tools, OR techniques cannot
solve problems by themselves.
[edit]
Areas of application
A few examples of applications in which operations research is currently used include the following:
• designing the layout of a factory for efficient flow of materials
•
constructing a telecommunications network at low cost while still
guaranteeing quality service if particular connections become very busy
or get damaged
• determining the routes of school buses so that as few buses are needed as possible
• designing the layout of a computer chip to reduce manufacturing time (therefore reducing cost)
• managing the flow of raw materials and products in a supply chain based on uncertain demand for the finished products
[edit]
Professional societies
The
International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) is
an umbrella organization for operations research societies worldwide.
Significant among these are the Institute for Operations Research and
the Management Sciences (INFORMS) and the Operational Research Society
(ORS). EURO is the association of European Operational Research
Societies (EURO). CORS is the Canadian Operations Research Society
(CORS). ASOR is the Australian Society for Operations Research (ASOR).
MORS is the Military Operations Research Society (MORS)--based in the
United States since 1966 with the objective of enhancing the quality and
usefulness of military operations research analysis in support of
defense decisions. ORSP is the Operations Research Society of the
Philippines.
In
2004, INFORMS began an initiative to better market the OR profession,
including a website entitled The Science of Better, which provides an
introduction to OR and examples of successful applications of OR to
industrial problems.
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Origins and the name
Although
foundations were laid earlier, the field of operations research as we
know it arose during World War II, as military planners in the United
Kingdom (including Frederick Lanchester, Patrick Blackett and Frank
Yates) and in the United States looked for ways to make better decisions
in such areas as logistics and training schedules. After the war it
began to be applied to similar problems in industry.
It
is known as "operational research" in the United Kingdom ("operational
analysis" within the UK military and Ministry of Defence, where OR
stands for "operational requirements") and as "operations research" in
most other English-speaking countries, though OR is a common
abbreviation everywhere. The name is somewhat unfortunate, since OR is
no longer concerned only with operations, nor does its application
involve any research in the traditional sense (though OR research is
still carried out to find new or better techniques).
[edit]
Examples
Blackett's
team made a number of crucial analyses which aided the war effort.
Britain introduced the convoy system to reduce shipping losses, but
while the principle of using warships to accompany merchant ships was
generally accepted, it was unclear whether it was better for convoys to
be small or large. Convoys travel at the speed of the slowest member, so
small convoys can travel faster. It was also argued that small convoys
would be harder for German U-boats to detect. On the other hand, large
convoys could deploy more warships against an attacker and also the
proportion of merchant ships sunk by a U-boat would be lower. Blackett's
staff clearly showed that:
• large convoys were more efficient
• the probability of detection by U-boat was statistically unrelated to the size of the convoy
• slow convoys were at greater risk (though considered overall, large convoys were still to be preferred)
In
another piece of work, Blackett's team analysed a report of a survey
carried out by RAF Bomber Command. For the survey Bomber Command
inspected all bombers returning from bombing raids over Germany over a
particular period. All damage inflicted by German air defenses was noted
and the recommendation was given that armour be added in the most
heavily damaged areas.
Blackett's
team instead made the surprising and counter-intuitive recommendation
that the armour be placed in the areas which were completely untouched
by damage, according to the survey. They reasoned that the survey was
biased, since it only included aircraft that successfully came back from
Germany. The untouched areas were probably vital areas, which if hit
would result in the loss of the aircraft.
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